Virulence associated characteristics and drug resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients living in Zhongjiang county of Sichuan province / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the distribution characteristics of virulence-related phenotypes/genotype, capsular serotype, drug resistance phenotypes, and sequence typing (ST) of Klebsiella pneumoniae in patients living in Zhongjiang county, improve clinical understanding, and provide evidence for the prevention and control of bacterial drug resistance and clinical rational drug use. Methods:The data of 135 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from patients who received treatment in Zhongjiang County People's Hospital from July to December 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Bacterial identification and drug sensitivity testing were performed using the WalkAway-40Plus automated microbiology system. Strains with a high viscosity phenotype were identified using wire drawing experiments. Hypervirulence-associated capsular serotype and virulence genes were verified by polymerase chain reaction. ST of Klebsiella pneumoniae strain was identified using multilocus sequence typing. Results:Strains with a high viscosity phenotype were identified in 50.4% of the 135 strains. 54.1%, 54.8%, and 54.1% of the strains were positive for virulence genes iucA, iroN, rmpA. The proportion of strains with capsular Serotype K1 or K2 was 11.9% and 15.6%, respectively. A total of 65 kinds of ST were identified, with ST23 and ST37 being the most common, accounting for 11.1% and 6.7%, respectively. The resistance rate of the strains to 16 kinds of antibiotics was 0.0%-25.2%, and the resistance rate to Carbapenem antibiotics, Amikacin, and Tigecycline was less than 1%. The positive rate of virulence gene of strains with a high viscosity phenotype was significantly higher than that of strains without a high viscosity phenotype ( P < 0.001), and its resistance rate to Cephalosporin was significantly lower in strains with a high viscosity phenotype than that in strains without a high viscosity phenotype ( P < 0.001). Conclusion:Klebsiella pneumoniae in Zhongjiang County is characterized by "high virulence and low drug resistance". It is necessary to continuously monitor the changes in the virulence and drug resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Zhongjiang County, Sichuan Province, and be alert to the rapid dissemination of highly virulent strains.

The characteristics and changes of bacterial infection and drug resistance in pediatric intensive care unit from 2016 to 2020 / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective:To investigate the characteristics and changes of bacterial infection and drug resistance in PICU at Children′s Hospital of Fudan University from 2016 to 2020.Methods:All the strains were collected at Children′s Hospital of Fudan University from January 1 st, 2016 to December 31 st, 2020.Antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out according to a unified protocol using Kirby-Bauer method or automated systems.Results were analyzed according to CLSI 2020 breakpoints. Results:(1)Bacterial distribution: 2 551 bacteria were monitored from 2016 to 2020 in our center.The top 3 bacteria were all gram-negative bacteria.Among them, Burkholderia cepacian showed a tortuous downward trend(13.45% to 1.18%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed an upward trend(6.05% to 10.61%).The most common infected site was respiratory tract, although the strains in the respiratory tract decreased year by year.Baumanii was the most common bacteria in respiratory infections.Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most common bacteria from 2016 to 2017 in blood infections, but Achromobacter xylosoxidans were became the most common bacteria from 2018 to 2020.Enterococcus faecium was the most common bacteria in urinary infections.(2) Drug resistance: Baumanii had a high drug resistance rate to amikacin, gentamicin, cefepime, and cefitadine, with no obvious changes over the years, which had a gradually decreasing drus resistance rate to cefoperazone sulbactam, showing a tortuous upward trend to imipenem and meropenem.Baumanii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa had a low drug resistance to levofloxacin over the years, but with high resistance rates in 2020.Escherichia coliand and Klebsiella pneumoniae still had high resistance rates to beta-lactam antibiotics, and their resistance rates to levofloxacin were decreasing.Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae showed decreasing resistance rates to imipenem and increased resistance rates to meropenem.The resistance rate of Enterococcus faecium to levofloxacin decreased and always showed a high susceptibility rate to polypeptide antibiotics.Neither Staphylococcus epidermidis nor Staphylococcus aureus were currently resistant to tetracycline antibiotics, and the resistance rates of aminoglycoside antibiotics, such as gentamicin, was also declining.Conclusion:The bacterial infection in PICU shows as the main characteristics of respiratory infection and gram-negative bacteria infection.Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae bacteria, Enterococci and Staphylococcus species are becoming increasingly more resistant.

Resistência antimicrobiana em uroculturas de moradores das Zonas Norte e Nordeste de Porto Alegre / Antimicrobial resistance in urine cultures of residents of North and Northeast Porto Alegre / Resistencia a los antimicrobianos en urocultivos de residentes de las Zonas Norte y Noreste de Porto Alegre

Introdução: Infecção urinária é motivo comum de consulta na Atenção Primária, requerendo tratamento empírico. Para a seleção do antimicrobiano, é necessário conhecer o perfil de resistência dos uropatógenos na comunidade. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil de resistência antimicrobiana em uroculturas realizadas em pacientes da Atenção Primária à Saúde do Serviço de Saúde Comunitária do Grupo Hospitalar Conceição, de julho de 2017 a junho de 2019. Métodos: Estudo transversal, observacional e descritivo com uroculturas de pacientes ambulatoriais das Unidades de Saúde do Serviço de Saúde Comunitária do Grupo Hospitalar Conceição, nas Zonas Norte e Nordeste de Porto Alegre, de julho de 2017 a junho de 2019. Os dados das uroculturas foram fornecidos pelo laboratório do Grupo Hospitalar e analisados por meio das proporções, por sexo, micro-organismo e resistência antimicrobiana. Resultados: Encontraram-se 2.000 uroculturas positivas no período, principalmente por Escherichia coli (75,50%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7,80%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4,95%), Enterococcus specie (3,35%) e Proteus mirabilis (2,85%). Entre os antibióticos orais testados, a maior resistência foi para ampicilina (48,95%), seguida por sulfametoxazol+trimetoprima (25,85%), norfloxacino (18,05%), ciprofloxacino (18,00%), amoxicilina+clavulanato (11,05%) e nitrofurantoína (8,60%). Considerando-se apenas E. coli, as resistências foram 47,75% para ampicilina, 29,74% para sulfametoxazol+trimetoprima, 19,74% para norfloxacino e ciprofloxacino, 8,08% para amoxicilina+clavulanato e 1,99% para nitrofurantoína. Conclusões: O perfil de resistência antimicrobiana nas Zonas Norte e Nordeste de Porto Alegre sugere que sejam utilizados para tratamento empírico de infecção do trato urinário nessa localidade nitrofurantoína ou amoxicilina+clavulanato.

Introduction: Urinary tract infection is a common reason for consultation in primary care, requiring empirical treatment. For the selection of the antimicrobial, it is necessary to know the resistance profile of uropathogens in the community. Objective: To analyze the profile of antimicrobial resistance in urine cultures performed on primary health care patients from the Community Health Service of Grupo Hospitalar Conceição from July 2017 to June 2019. Methods: Cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study with urine cultures of outpatients from the Health Units from the Community Health Service of Grupo Hospitalar Conceição, in North and Northeast Porto Alegre, Brazil, from July 2017 to June 2019. The data on urine cultures were provided by the Grupo Hospitalar laboratory and analyzed through proportions, by sex, microorganism, and antimicrobial resistance. Results: Two thousand positive urine cultures were found in the period, mainly for Escherichia coli (75.50%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.80%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4.95%), Enterococcus specie (3.35%) and Proteus mirabilis (2.85%). Among the oral antibiotics tested, the most frequent resistance was to ampicillin (48.95%), followed by trimethoprim+sulfamethoxazole (25.85%), norfloxacin (18.05%), ciprofloxacin (18.00%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (11.05%) and nitrofurantoin (8.60%). Considering only E. coli, resistance was 47.75% to ampicillin, 29.74% to trimethoprim+sulfamethoxazole, 19.74% to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, 8.08% to amoxicillin-clavulanate and 1.99% to nitrofurantoin. Conclusions: The profile of antimicrobial resistance in the North and Northeast Zones of Porto Alegre suggests that nitrofurantoin or amoxicillin-clavulanate should be used for empirical treatment of urinary tract infection in this locality.

Introducción: La infección del tracto urinario es un motivo frecuente de consulta en atención primaria, requiriendo tratamiento empírico. Para la selección del antimicrobiano, es necesario conocer el perfil de resistencia de los uropatógenos en la comunidad. Objetivo: Analizar el perfil de resistencia antimicrobiana en urocultivos realizados en pacientes de atención primaria de salud de Serviço de Saúde Comunitária de Grupo Hospitalar Conceição de julio de 2017 a junio de 2019. Métodos: Estudio transversal, observacional y descriptivo con urocultivos de pacientes ambulatorios de las Unidades de Salud de Serviço de Saúde Comunitária de Grupo Hospitalar Conceição, en las Zonas Norte y Nordeste de Porto Alegre, de julio de 2017 a junio de 2019. Los datos de urocultivos fueron proporcionados por el laboratorio de Grupo Hospitalar y analizados a través de proporciones, por sexo, microorganismos y resistencia a los antimicrobianos. Resultados: En el período se encontraron 2.000 urocultivos positivos, principalmente por Escherichia coli (75,50%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7,80%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4,95%), Enterococcus especie (3,35%) y Proteus mirabilis (2,85%). Entre los antibióticos orales probados, la mayor resistencia fue para la ampicilina (48,95%), seguida de sulfametoxazol+trimetoprima (25,85%), norfloxacina (18,05%), ciprofloxacina (18,00%), amoxicilina+clavulanato (11,05%) y nitrofurantoína (8,60%). %). Considerando solo a E. coli, la resistencia fue del 47,75% para ampicilina, 29,74% para sulfametoxazol + trimetoprima, 19,74% para norfloxacina y ciprofloxacina, 8,08% para amoxicilina + clavulanato y 1,99% para nitrofurantoína. Conclusiones: El perfil de resistencia a los antimicrobianos en las regiones Norte y Nordeste de Porto Alegre sugiere que se utilizan para el tratamiento empírico de la infección del tracto urinario en esta localidad nitrofurantoína o amoxicilina+clavulanato.

Uso de antibacterianos em gestantes antes e após regulamentação no Brasil: coortes de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, de 2004 e 2015 / Use of anti-bacterial agents in pregnant women before and after regulation in Brazil: Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohorts of 2004 and 2015 / Uso de antibacterianos en gestantes antes y después de la regulación en Brasil: cohortes de nacimientos de Pelotas, Río Grande do Sul, del 2004 y del 2015

A utilização indiscriminada de antibacterianos no período gestacional pode aumentar a resistência antimicrobiana e colocar em risco a saúde da gestante e da criança. Atualmente, está em vigência no Brasil a Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada nº 20/2011, que controla a prescrição e fornecimento de antibacterianos. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o uso de antibacterianos pelas gestantes participantes das coortes de nascimentos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, de 2004 e 2015, considerando a regulamentação implementada entre as duas coortes. Foram utilizados dados coletados no período perinatal dos dois estudos. O desfecho principal foi o uso de antibacterianos na gestação. As prevalências de uso foram descritas a partir de variáveis independentes e diferenças em pontos percentuais (p.p.) entre as duas coortes. A prevalência do uso de antibacterianos foi de 41,9% (IC95%: 40,4; 43,3) em 2004 e 39,2% (IC95%: 37,7; 40,6) em 2015. Considerando-se as gestantes que relataram ter infecção durante a gestação, observou-se maior redução de uso em 2015, quando comparado a 2004, nas gestantes mais pobres (-15,4p.p., IC95%: 9,59; 21,20) e naquelas que foram a menos consultas (-17,1p.p., IC95%: 2,81; 31,36). Houve redução na proporção de antibacterianos usados, considerando o total de medicamentos de 20,6% (IC95%: 19,9; 21,4) em 2004 para 12,6% (IC95%: 12,1; 13,1) em 2015. As reduções encontradas, tanto nas prevalências de uso quanto na proporção dos antibacterianos sobre o total de medicamentos utilizados, podem ser reflexo da política de regulamentação implementada em 2011.

Indiscriminate use of anti-bacterial agents during pregnancy can increase antimicrobial resistance and endanger both the mother's and the children's health. Currently, Brazil has the Collegiate Directive Resolution n. 20/2011, which controls prescription and dispensation of anti-bacterial agents. Given this scenario, this study compared the use of anti-bacterial agents by pregnant women participating in the 2004 and 2015 Pelotas (Brazil) birth cohorts, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, considering the regulation issued between the two cohorts. Data were collected in the perinatal period of the two studies. The main outcome was the use of anti-bacterial agents during pregnancy. Prevalence scans were described based on independent variables and differences in percentage points (p.p.) between the two cohorts. The prevalence of anti-bacterial use was 41.9% (95%CI: 40.4; 43.3) in 2004 and 39.2% (95%CI: 37.7; 40.6) in 2015. Considering the pregnant women who reported having infection during pregnancy, a greater reduction in use was observed in 2015, when compared to 2004, in poor women (-15.4p.p., 95%CI: 9.59; 21.20) and in those who had less consultations (-17.1p.p., 95%CI: 2.81; 31.36). Considering total medications, the proportion of anti-bacterial used dropped from 20.6% (95%CI: 19.9; 21.4) in 2004 to 12.6% (95%CI: 12.1; 13.1) in 2015. The reductions found in both the prevalence of use and the proportion of anti-bacterial agents over total medications used may be a reflection of the regulatory policy implemented in 2011.

El uso indiscriminado de antibacterianos durante el embarazo puede aumentar la resistencia a los antimicrobianos y poner en riesgo la salud de la gestante y del niño. Actualmente, está vigente en Brasil la Resolución de la Dirección Colegiada nº 20/2011, que controla la prescripción y dispensación de antibacterianos. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el uso de antibacterianos por gestantes participantes de las cohortes de nacimientos de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, del 2004 y del 2015, considerando la regulación implementada entre las dos cohortes. Se utilizaron los datos recopilados en el período perinatal de los dos estudios. El resultado principal fue el uso de antibacterianos durante el embarazo. Las prevalencias de uso se describieron con base en las variables independientes y diferencias en puntos porcentuales (p.p.) entre las dos cohortes. La prevalencia de uso de antibacterianos fue del 41,9% (IC95%: 40,4; 43,3) en el 2004 y del 39,2% (IC95%: 37,7; 40,6) en el 2015. Teniendo en cuenta que las gestantes que reportaron haber tenido infección durante el embarazo, hubo una mayor reducción de uso en el 2015, en comparación con el 2004, en las gestantes más pobres (-15,4p.p., IC95%: 9,59; 21,20) y en las que consultaron menos (-17,1p.p., IC95% 2,81;31,36). Hubo una reducción en la proporción de antibacterianos usados, considerando la cantidad total de medicamentos del 20,6% (IC95%: 19,9; 21,4) en el 2004 al 12,6% (IC95%: 12,1; 13,1) en el 2015. Las reducciones encontradas, tanto en las prevalencias de uso como en la proporción de antibacterianos sobre la cantidad total de medicamentos utilizados, pueden ser reflejo de la política regulatoria implementada en el 2011.

Perfil de sensibilidade a antibióticos de um isolado de Providencia rettgeri proveniente de equino / Antibiotic sensitivity profile in isolate of Providencia rettgeri from a horse

Introdução: a meningite bacteriana em equinos é uma enfermidade frequente em animais jovens. Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli são as bactérias mais comumente isoladas nesses casos. Apesar da bactéria Providencia rettgeri já ter sido isolada em casos de meningite humana e de crocodilo, não há relatos de seu isolamento em equinos. Objetivo: relatar o isolamento e a identificação da bactéria P. rettgeri de um potro com sintomas neurológicos e avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade a antibióticos deste isolado. Metodologia: o isolamento foi realizado a partir do líquido cefalorraquidiano do potro, por meio de cultivo em meio ágar chocolate. Após isolamento, as colônias formadas foram identificadas por equipamento Biotyper, baseado em espectrometria de massa. O perfil de sensibilidade foi definido por teste de difusão em discos, seguindo metodologia relatada pelo CLSI M2-A8 em 2003, sendo a bactéria classificada como resistente, padrão indeterminado ou sensível aos antibióticos, de acordo com o descrito pelo EUCAST em 2021. Resultados: este é o primeiro relato do isolamento de P. rettgeri como agente etiológico de meningite em potro. Dos 15 antibióticos testados, a bactéria foi resistente a 9, sensível a 5 e com padrão indeterminado a 1 antibiótico. Conclusão: nossos resultados indicam que P. rettgeri deve ser considerada entre possíveis agentes etiológicos de quadros neurológicos em equinos e que testes de sensibilidade a antibiótico são fundamentais, uma vez que essa bactéria já apresenta resistência a diversos antibióticos disponíveis comercialmente.

Introduction: Bacterial meningitis in horses is a frequent disease in young animals. Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are the most commonly isolated bacteria in these cases. Although Providencia rettgeri bacterium has already been isolated in cases of human and crocodile meningitis, there are no reports of its isolation in cases of meningitis in horses. Objective: to report isolation and identification of the P. rettgeri bacteria from a foal with neurological symptoms and to assess antibiotic sensitivity profile in isolate of it. Methods: isolation was performed from the foal's cerebrospinal fluid, through cultivation in chocolate agar medium. After isolation, formed colonies were identified by Biotyper equipment, based on mass spectrometry. Sensitivity profile was verified by disk diffusion test, according to methodology that was reported by CLSI M2-A8 in 2003, which classified bacteria as resistant, indeterminate pattern or sensitive to antibiotics, as described by EUCAST in 2021. Results: this is the first report on isolation of P. rettgeri as an etiologic agent of meningitis in foals. Among 15 antibiotics that were tested, results showed bacteria resistence to 9 antibiotics, bacteria sensitivity to 5, but undetermined pattern to 1 antibiotic. Conclusion: results indicate that P. rettgeri shall be considered among potential etiologic agents of neurological conditions in horses and that antibiotic sensitivity tests are essential, since this type of bacterium is already resistant to several commercially available antibiotics.

Resistencia antimicrobiana en Klebsiella pneumoniae, Ecuador

Resumen Klebsiella pneumoniae representa un gran desafío para los médicos y laboratoristas debido a su crecimiento acelerado, prevalencia en los entornos intrahospitalarios y la resistencia a los antibióticos. Este artículo, proporciona información sobre la vida evolutiva del microorganismo durante los últimos veinte años, así como puntos clave clínicos que se deben considerar para mejorar el manejo farmacológico del paciente, mediante la combinación de antibacterianos, conociendo los principales genes de resistencias y el mecanismo de virulencia. Objetivo. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la evolución de la resistencia antimicrobiana en Klebsiella pneumoniae a partir de la prevalencia de los principales mecanismos de resistencia que este patógeno presenta en Ecuador, durante el periodo 2000-2020. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica de estudios observacionales, de resistencia antimicrobiana de cohorte retroprospectivo. Con base a la metodología PRISMA (Preferred Reportin Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Resultados. La evolución de Klebsiella pneumonia durante los últimos veinte años destaca un incremento exponencial de los genes de resistenciaKPC-2, NDM y OXA-48 distribuidos principalmente en las ciudades de Quito, Guayaquil, Cuenca y Esmeralda. El gen KPC-2 se encuentra presente en todas las ciudades que reportan resistencia antimicrobiana para K. pneumonia, por lo tanto, es el gen de mayor prevalencia en el país causante de la falta de eficacia del tratamiento farmacológico. Conclusión. Se observa una rápida diseminación de los genes de virulencia y evolución en los mecanismos de resistencia reportados durante los veinte años de revisiones bibliográficas. Afectando geográficamente a las ciudades más importantes y de mayor tránsito poblacional. Además, hay una relación de los genes de mayor prevalencia (KPC-2) presentes mayoritariamente a nivel intrahospitalario. Estos hallazgos resaltan la importancia y duración de los programas de vigilancia epidemiológica y de resistencia antimicrobiana del Sistema de Salud.

Abstract Klebsiella pneumoniae represent a great challenge for doctors and laboratory workers due to their accelerated growth and prevalence in hospital settings and resistance to antibiotics. In this perspective article, it provides information on the evolutionary life of the microorganism during the last twenty years, as well as clinical key points that should be considered to improve the pharmacological management of the patient, through the combination of antibiotics, knowing the main resistance genes and the mechanism as such. Given the importance of this information, a manuscript is made, which will be detailed below. Objective. The objective of this research was to analyze the evolution of antimicrobial resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae from the prevalence of the main resistance mechanisms that this pathogen presents in Ecuador, during the period 2000-2020. Materials and methods. A systematic review of the scientific literature of observational studies of antimicrobial resistance from a prospective cohort was carried out. Based on the PRISMA methodology. Results. the evolution of Klebsiella pneumonia during the last twenty years highlights an exponential increase in the resistance genes KPC-2, NDM and OXA-48 distributed mainly in the cities of Quito, Guayaquil, Cuenca and Esmeralda. The KPC-2 gene is present in all cities that report antimicrobial resistance for K. pneumonia, therefore, it is the most prevalent gene in the country, causing greater failure of drug treatment. Conclusion. A rapid dissemination of virulence genes and evolution in the resistance mechanisms reported during the twenty years of bibliographic reviews is observed. Geographically affecting the most important cities with the greatest population transit. In addition, there is a relationship of the KPC-2 genes with the highest prevalence, mainly present at the hospital level. These findings highlight the importance and duration of the epidemiological surveillance and antimicrobial resistance programs of the Health System.

Resumo Klebsiella pneumoniae representa um grande desafio para clínicos e laboratórios devido a seu crescimento acelerado, prevalência em ambientes hospitalares e resistência a antibióticos. Este artigo fornece informações sobre a vida evolutiva do microorganismo durante os últimos vinte anos, bem como pontos clínicos fundamentais a serem considerados para melhorar o manejo farmacológico do paciente, através da combinação de antibacterianos, conhecendo os principais genes de resistência e o mecanismo da virulência. Objetivo. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar a evolução da resistência antimicrobiana em Klebsiella pneumoniae com base na prevalência dos principais mecanismos de resistência que este patógeno apresenta no Equador durante o período 2000-2020. Materiais e métodos. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura científica de estudos observacionais de resistência antimicrobiana em uma coorte retroprospectiva. Com base na metodologia PRISMA (Preferred Report Items for Systematic Reviews e Meta-Analyses). Resultados. A evolução da pneumonia por Klebsiella durante os últimos vinte anos destaca um aumento exponencial dos genes de resistência KPC-2, NDM e OXA-48 distribuídos principalmente nas cidades de Quito, Guayaquil, Cuenca e Esmeralda. O gene KPC-2 está presente em todas as cidades relatando resistência antimicrobiana para a pneumonia K., tornando-o o gene mais prevalente no país, causando a falta de eficácia do tratamento medicamentoso. Conclusão. Observa-se uma rápida disseminação dos genes de virulência e evolução nos mecanismos de resistência relatados durante os vinte anos de revisões de literatura. Geograficamente, as cidades mais importantes com o maior tráfego populacional são afetadas. Além disso, há uma relação dos genes mais prevalentes (KPC-2) presentes principalmente a nível intra-hospitalar. Estas descobertas destacam a importância e a duração da vigilância epidemiológica e dos programas de resistência antimicrobiana no sistema de saúde.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia: incidence, microbial etiology and antimicrobial resistance profile / Pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica: incidência, etiologia microbiana e perfil de resistência antimicrobiana / Neumonía asociada a ventilador: incidencia, etiología microbiana y perfil de resistencia antimicrobiana

Background and Objectives: Infections caused by multi-drug resistant microorganisms have a great clinical and economic impact. The present study proposed to determine and assess ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) incidence in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU), to establish the profile of hospitalized patients and to determine the frequency of microorganisms isolated as well as their antimicrobial resistance profile. Methods: A descriptive, documental study, with a quantitative approach, carried out at a teaching hospital. Participants were all individuals admitted to the General ICU who developed VAP in 2018 and 2019. Results: During the study, 146 patients were diagnosed with VAP, with an incidence of 23.66/1000 patient-days on mechanical ventilation. The median age of patients was 52.5 years and most of them were man. One hundred and eight microorganisms were isolated in cultures, the majority being gram-negative bacteria. Non-fermenting bacteria were the most frequent (n=46; 42.6%), followed by enterobacteria (n=42; 38.9%). Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent microorganism among gram-positive (n=17; 15.7%). The most frequent multi-drug resistant bacteria were Acinetobacter baumannii and Enterobacter spp. No microorganism showed colistin and vancomycin resistance. Patients infected with multi-drug resistant bacteria were hospitalized longer when compared to other patients. Conclusions: VAP incidence was high. The knowledge of the etiologic agents of VAP and their antimicrobial resistance profile is fundamental to support the elaboration of institutional treatment protocols as well as assist in empirical antibiotic therapy.(AU)

Justificativa e Objetivos: As infecções causadas por microrganismos multirresistentes têm grande impacto clínico e econômico. O presente estudo propôs determinar e avaliar a incidência de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAV) em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI), estabelecer o perfil dos pacientes internados e determinar a frequência de microrganismos isolados, bem como seu perfil de resistência antimicrobiana. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, documental, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado em um hospital universitário. Participaram todos os indivíduos admitidos na UTI Geral que desenvolveram PAV em 2018 e 2019. Resultados: Durante o estudo, 146 pacientes foram diagnosticados com PAV, com incidência de 23,66/1000 pacientes-dia em ventilação mecânica. A idade mediana dos pacientes foi de 52,5 anos e a maioria era do sexo masculino. Cento e oito microrganismos foram isolados em culturas, sendo a maioria bactérias gram-negativas. As bactérias não fermentadoras foram as mais frequentes (n=46; 42,6%), seguidas das enterobactérias (n=42; 38,9%). Staphylococcus aureus foi o microrganismo mais frequente entre os Gram-positivos (n=17; 15,7%). As bactérias multirresistentes mais frequentes foram Acinetobacter baumannii e Enterobacter spp. Nenhum microrganismo apresentou resistência à colistina e vancomicina. Pacientes infectados com bactérias multirresistentes ficaram mais tempo internados quando comparados a outros pacientes. Conclusões: A incidência de PAV foi alta. O conhecimento dos agentes etiológicos da PAV e seu perfil de resistência antimicrobiana é fundamental para subsidiar a elaboração de protocolos institucionais de tratamento, bem como auxiliar na antibioticoterapia empírica.(AU)

Justificación y Objetivos: Las infecciones causadas por microorganismos multirresistentes tienen un gran impacto clínico y económico. El presente estudio se propuso determinar y evaluar la incidencia de neumonía asociada a ventilación mecánica (NAV) en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI), establecer el perfil de pacientes hospitalizados y determinar la frecuencia de microorganismos aislados así como su perfil de resistencia antimicrobiana. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, documental, con abordaje cuantitativo, realizado en un hospital escuela. Participaron todas las personas ingresadas en UCI General que desarrollaron NAV en 2018 y 2019. Resultados: Durante el estudio, 146 pacientes fueron diagnosticados con NAV, con una incidencia de 23,66/1000 pacientes-día en ventilación mecánica. La mediana de edad de los pacientes fue de 52,5 años y la mayoría eran hombres. Se aislaron 108 microorganismos en cultivos, siendo la mayoría bacterias gramnegativas. Las bacterias no fermentadoras fueron las más frecuentes (n=46; 42,6%), seguidas de las enterobacterias (n=42; 38,9%). Staphylococcus aureus fue el microorganismo más frecuente entre los grampositivos (n=17; 15,7%). Las bacterias multirresistentes más frecuentes fueron Acinetobacter baumannii y Enterobacter spp. Ningún microorganismo mostró resistencia a colistina y vancomicina. Los pacientes infectados con bacterias multirresistentes fueron hospitalizados por más tiempo en comparación con otros pacientes. Conclusiones: La incidencia de NAV fue alta. El conocimiento de los agentes etiológicos de la VAP y su perfil de resistencia a los antimicrobianos es fundamental para apoyar la elaboración de protocolos de tratamiento institucionales, así como para ayudar en la terapia antibiótica empírica.(AU)

Frecuencia de (BLEE) (AmpC) y CARBAPENEMASAS en muestras de urocultivo, en cepas de Escherichia Coli de origen comunitario

Resumen La Escherichia coli (E. coli) forma parte del grupo de las principales enterobacterias, que por su alta prevalencia y capacidad de generar resistencia a ciertos antimicrobianos es la causante de varios procesos infecciosos de origen comunitario sobre todo infecciones del tracto urinario. El mecanismo de defensa de estas bacterias es la activación enzimática a través de las Betalactamas de tipo BLEE, AmpC y CARBAPENEMASAS. Materiales y Métodos. Diseño documental transversal, con un enfoque cuantitativo, la población estuvo constituida por 671 informes de urocultivo procesadas en el período de enero - abril de 2020 en el Laboratorio Clínico Neolab de la ciudad de Cuenca en el Ecuador. Resultados . El 96,4% de las muestras son de pacientes femenino y un 3.6% al género masculino, el promedio de edad, el estudio tuvo mayor prevalencia en pacientes de 40 años de edad. El 7.62% de las muestras resultaron BLEE positivas, 0.13% AmpC y el 0% CARBAPENEMASAS. Los antibióticos con un mayor índice de efectividad para tratar la E.coli productora de BLEE en urocultivos fueron la Nitrofurantoína, la Gentamicina y Fosfomicina con índices de efectividad del 87.93%, 79,31% y 70,68% respectivamente. Sin embargo los antimicrobianos como Ampicilina presentaron una resistencia del 100% y Trimethoprim sulfa metoxazol del 72.41%. Conclusión . La detección de frecuencia de enzimas BLEE, AmpC y Carbapenemasas, orienta a un tratamiento terapéutico adecuado. Los pacientes con bacterias productoras de BLEE, tienen un alto índice de mortalidad al ser tratados con antimicrobianos que las bacterias presentan una resistencia alta.

Abstract Escherichia coli (E. coli) is part of the group of the main Enterobacteriaceae, which due to its high prevalence and capacity to generate resistance to certain antimicrobials is the cause of several infectious processes of community origin, especially urinary tract infections. The defense mechanism of these bacteria is enzymatic activation through ESBL-type Betalactams, AmpC and CARBAPENEMASES. Materials and Methods. Cross-sectional documentary design, with a quantitative approach, the population consisted of 671 uroculture reports processed in the period January - April 2020 at the Neolab Clinical Laboratory in the city of Cuenca in Ecuador. Results. 96.4% of the samples are from female patients and 3.6% from male gender, the average age, the study had a higher prevalence in 40-year-old patients. 7.62% of the samples were positive ESBL, 0.13% AmpC and 0% CARBAPENEMASES. The antibiotics with the highest effectiveness rate for treating ESBL-producing E.coli in urine cultures were Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin, and Fosfomycin, with effectiveness rates of 87.93%, 79.31%, and 70.68%, respectively. However, antimicrobials such as Ampicillin showed a resistance of 100% and Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole of 72.41%. Conclusion. The frequency detection of ESBL, AmpC and Carbapenemases enzymes guides an adequate therapeutic treatment. Patients with ESBL-producing bacteria have a high mortality rate when treated with antimicrobials that the bacteria have high resistance.

Resumo Escherichia coli (E. coli) faz parte do grupo das principais enterobactérias, que por sua alta prevalência e capacidade de gerar resistência a certos antimicrobianos é causa de diversos processos infecciosos de origem comunitária, principalmente infecções do trato urinário. O mecanismo de defesa dessas bactérias é a ativação enzimática por meio de Betalactamas do tipo ESBL, AmpC e CARBAPENEMASES. Materiais e Métodos. Desenho documental transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, a população foi constituída por 671 laudos de urocultura processados no período de janeiro a abril de 2020 no Laboratório Clínico Neolab da cidade de Cuenca no Equador. Resultados. 96,4% das amostras são do sexo feminino e 3,6% do sexo masculino, idade média, o estudo teve maior prevalência em pacientes com 40 anos de idade. 7,62% das amostras foram ESBL positivas, 0,13% AmpC e 0% CARBAPENEMASES. Os antibióticos com maior taxa de eficácia para o tratamento de E. coli produtoras de ESBL em urocultura foram nitrofurantoína, gentamicina e fosfomicina, com taxas de eficácia de 87,93%, 79,31% e 70,68%, respectivamente. No entanto, antimicrobianos como a Ampicilina apresentaram resistência de 100% e Trimetoprim sulfametoxazol de 72,41%. Conclusão. A detecção da frequência das enzimas ESBL, AmpC e Carbapenemases orienta um tratamento terapêutico adequado. Pacientes com bactérias produtoras de ESBL apresentam alta taxa de mortalidade quando tratados com antimicrobianos que as bactérias apresentam alta resistência.

Systematic Review of Health and Economic Burden Caused by Antibiotic Resistance in China / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To provide scientific basis for evaluating the burden caused by antibiotic resistance （AbR）and reference for policy making on crubing AbR in China. METHODS ：Databases including CNKI ，Wanfang database ，VIP，PubMed， Scopus，Medline and EconoLite from Jan. 1st 2016 to Aug. 10th 2020 were searched to collect studies on burden caused by AbR in China . After independent literature screening anddata extraction ，Newcastle-Ottawa scale （NOS）was used to evaluate the literature quality ，and a descriptive analysis was conduced to evaluate the health and economic burden caused by AbR. RESULTS ：A total of 27 Chinese and English literatures were included. The NOS scores of i ncluded literatures were 4-6，and all of them were retrospective case-control study ； the patients were divided into case group （resistance infection ） and control group （susceptible infection or non-infection ）； mortality，length of stay and medical expenditure were commonly applied as the measurement indexes. In the included studies ，the mortality of patients infected with AbR bacteria was 0.7-12.0 times that of patients infected with susceptible bacteria ；the mean or medium value of total length of stay was 0.9-2.5 times that of patients infected with susceptible bacteria ；the mean or medium of total medical expenditure was 1.0-2.7 times that of patients with susceptible bacteria infection. The differences in these indicators were greater between patients infected with AbR infections and those without becterial infections. CONCLUSIONS ：Bacterial drug resistance could increase the health and economic burden. However ，the existing relevant studies were mainly single center researches，the sample representation was insufficient ；the research design did not adjust for time-dependent bias ；the repeatability was low ，and the perspective of evalution was limited. It is urgent to carry out multicenter studies with higher quality to comprehensively evaluate the health and economic burden caused by AbR in China.

Estratégias para o uso seguro de antimicrobianos pela enfermagem no ambiente hospitalar: revisão integrativa / Strategies for the safe use of antimicrobials by nursing in the hospital environment: an integrative review / Estrategias para el uso seguro de antimicrobianos por parte de la enfermería en el ámbito hospitalario: revisión integradora

OBJETIVO: identificar as estratégias para o uso seguro de antimicrobianos adotadas pela enfermagem no ambiente hospitalar. MÉTODO: revisão integrativa, realizada no período de junho a julho de 2020, nas bases de dados da LILACS, MEDLINE, CINAHL e EMBASE. Selecionaram-se artigos de 2015 a junho de 2020. Para a análise dos níveis de evidência, adotou-se o método Grading of Recomendations Assessment, Developing and Evaluation. RESULTADOS: encontraram-se oito artigos, distribuídos em estratégias gerenciais e assistenciais de enfermagem, relacionadas ao uso seguro de antimicrobianos. DISCUSSÃO: dentre as principais estratégias gerenciais, destacam-se o papel de educador do enfermeiro e a formação de comitês de monitoramento multidisciplinar; e dentre as assistenciais, as especificidades técnicas da administração de antimicrobianos. CONCLUSÃO: as principais estratégias práticas de Enfermagem encontradas foram educação profissional no uso racional e monitoramento multidisciplinar na resistência antimicrobiana no ambiente hospitalar. Acredita-se que a identificação dessas estratégias contribua para o desenvolvimento de melhores práticas na segurança medicamentosa.

OBJECTIVE: to identify the strategies for the safe use of antimicrobials adopted by Nursing in the hospital environment. METHOD: an integrative review, carried out from June to July 2020, on the LILACS, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMBASE databases. Articles from 2015 to June 2020 were selected. For the analysis of the evidence levels, the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation was adopted. RESULTS: eight articles were found, distributed in Nursing management and care strategies, related to the safe use of antimicrobials. DISCUSSION: among the main managerial strategies, the role of the educator and the setting up of multidisciplinary monitoring committees stand out; and, among the care strategies, the technical specificities of antimicrobial stewardship. CONCLUSION: the main Nursing practical strategies found were professional education in the rational use and multidisciplinary monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in the hospital environment. It is believed that the identification of these strategies will contribute to the development of better practices in drug safety.

OBJETIVO: identificar las estrategias para el uso seguro de antimicrobianos adoptadas por la enfermería en el ámbito hospitalario. MÉTODO: revisión integradora, realizada de junio a julio de 2020, de las bases de datos de LILACS, MEDLINE, CINAHL y EMBASE. Se seleccionaron artículos de 2015 a junio de 2020. Para el análisis de niveles de evidencia se adoptó el método Grading of Recomendations Assessment, Developing and Evaluation. RESULTADOS: se encontraron ocho artículos, distribuidos en estrategias gerenciales y asistenciales de enfermería, relacionados con el uso seguro de antimicrobianos. DISCUSIÓN: entre las principales estrategias gerenciales se destaca el rol de la enfermera educadora y la conformación de comités de seguimiento multidisciplinarios; y entre las asistenciales, las especificidades técnicas de la administración de antimicrobianos. CONCLUSIÓN: las principales estrategias prácticas de enfermería encontradas fueron la formación profesional en el uso racional y el seguimiento multidisciplinario de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos en el ámbito hospitalario. Se cree que la identificación de estas estrategias contribuye al desarrollo de mejores prácticas en seguridad de medicamentos.

Potencial antimicrobiano e caracterização fitoquímica de extratos da casca do caule de Drimys brasiliensis Miers (Winteraceae) / Antimicrobial potential and phytochemical investigation of stem bark extracts from Drimys brasiliensis Miers (Winteraceae)

Introdução: na área da saúde, a resistência aos antimicrobianos tem se constituído um grave problema, fazendo com que a busca por alternativas farmacológicas assuma grande importância. Produtos de origem natural, como extratos de plantas, têm sido pesquisados para uso potencial no tratamento antibacteriano. Drimys brasiliensis Miers (Winteraceae) é uma árvore nativa do Brasil que tem sido utilizada como medicinal. Objetivo: investigar o perfil fitoquímico e a atividade antimicrobiana de amostras obtidas a partir de extratos da casca do caule de Drimys brasiliensis. Metodologia: frações de características químicas variadas foram obtidas a partir de extratos da casca do caule da planta. Realizou-se o screening fitoquímico destas frações através de reações gerais de caracterização e cromatografia em camada delgada. As amostras foram testadas por difusão em ágar e por microdiluição contra bactérias Grampositivas e Gram-negativas e contra uma levedura. Resultados: o perfil fitoquímico mostrou diferenças entre as frações analisadas. Alcaloides foram detectados nas frações mais apolares. Taninos e flavonoides estavam presentes nas amostras mais polares e obtidas sem o uso de calor. As amostras com maior atividade antimicrobiana foram as obtidas com os solventes hexano e diclorometano, de características mais apolares. Destaca-se a atividade contra Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina e Candida albicans. Conclusão: extratos da casca do caule de Drimys brasiliensis apresentam potencial ntimicrobiano, com destaque para as frações mais apolares contra bactérias gram positivas.

Introduction: in the health field, antimicrobial resistance has been a serious issue, making the search for pharmacological alternatives very important. Natural products, such as plant extracts, have been researched for potential use in antibacterial treatment. Drimys brasiliensis Miers (Winteraceae) is a tree native to Brazil that has been medicinally used. Objective: to investigate the phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity of samples obtained from Drimys brasiliensis stem bark extracts. Methodology: fractions of different chemical characteristics were obtained from extracts of the stem bark. Phytochemical screening of these fractions was performed by general reactions and thin layer chromatography. Samples were tested by agar diffusion and microdilution against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and yeast. Results: the phytochemical profile showed differences between the analyzed fractions. Alkaloids were detected in the most nonpolar fractions. Tannins and flavonoids were present in the most polar samples and obtained without the use of heat. The samples with the highest antimicrobial activity were those obtained with hexane and dichloromethane solvents, which present the most nonpolar characteristics. We highlight the activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Conclusion: Drimys brasiliensis stem bark extracts have antimicrobial potential, especially the most nonpolar fractions against gram positive bacteria.

Susceptibilidad a meticilina y vancomicina en Staphylococcus aureus aislados de hemocultivos / Susceptibility to methicillin and vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from blood cultures

Para determinar la susceptibilidad a meticilina y vancomicina en cepas de Staphylococcus aureus aisladas de hemocultivos, se analizaron los registros de pacientes ingresados en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos del Servicio Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo durante el período enero 2011-diciembre 2015. Se procesaron 35.341 hemocultivos; 5.072 (14,35%) fueron positivos; en 455 (8,97%) se aislaron 96 cepas de Staphylococcus aureus (21,09%), de las cuales, 78 (81,25%) fueron resistentes y 18 (18,75%), sensibles a meticilina. Todos los aislados resultaron sensibles a vancomicina. El 61,45% de las cepas expresó multirresistencia. No se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la frecuencia de aislamiento de Staphylococcus aureus por año, edad y sexo del paciente (p > 0,05); pero si según el tipo de unidad y la presencia de co-resistencia antimicrobiana (p < 0,05). Los elevados niveles de resistencia a meticilina y la evidencia de fenotipos sensibles a vancomicina con valores elevados de concentración inhibitoria mínima (> 1 µg/ml), demandan la vigilancia sistemática del patrón de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana a fin de guiar a los clínicos para elegir la terapia empírica adecuada, contribuyendo al reforzamiento continuo de las precauciones estándar y al establecimiento de las políticas locales de administración y regulación del uso de antimicrobianos

To determine susceptibility to methicillin and vancomycin in blood-isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from blood cultures, patient records entered in the Intensive Care Units of the Autonomous Hospital University Service of Maracaibo were analyzed during the period January 2011-December 2015. 35,341 blood cultures were processed; 5.072 (14,35%) were positive; in 455 (8.97%)96 strains of Staphylococcus aureus (21.09%) were isolated, of which 78 (81.25%) were resistant and 18 (18.75%), sensitive to methicillin. All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin. 61.45% of the strains expressed multi-resistance. No statistically significant difference in the frequency of isolation of Staphylococcus aureus per year, age and sex of the patient (p > 0.05) was found; but if according to the type of unit and the presence of antimicrobial co-resistance (p ˂ 0.05). The high levels of methicillin resistance and the evidence of vancomycin-sensitive phenotypes with high minimum inhibitory concentration values (>1 µg/ml), require systematic monitoring of the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in order to guide clinicians to choose appropriate empirical therapy, contributing to the continuous strengthening of standard precautions and the establishment of local policies for the administration and regulation of the use of antimicrobials

Controversias en cirugía: Erradicación del Helicobacter pylori ¿Terapia a todos o según indicaciones usuales? / Controversies in surgery: Eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Therapy for all or according to usual indications?

La infección por Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), es la infección bacteriana crónica más frecuente de la raza humana, afecta al 50 % de la población mundial y, por lo menos, al 80 % de la población colombiana. Esta bacteria es re-conocida desde hace más de 15 años como un carcinógeno tipo I. De acuerdo con las indicaciones del Consenso de "Maastricht V" esta infección debe ser buscada y tratada en los pacientes con úlcera péptica activa, linfoma MALT (por sus siglas en inglés, mucosa associated lymphoid tissue), cáncer gástrico temprano, púrpura que presenten síntomas dispépticos crónicos y usuarios crónicos de AINES. Debido al papel que tiene en la fisiopatología del cáncer gástrico, nace la iniciativa de realizar una búsqueda activa del H. pylori y erradicarlo en todas las personas, incluyendo aquellas asintomáticas en países con alta incidencia de esta neoplasia. Existen diversas publicaciones alrededor del mundo que así lo sugieren, mostrando resultados con impacto positivo en el curso y progresión de la enfermedad, sobre todo en las etapas más tempranas de la infección. Sin embargo, otros autores resaltan la creciente problemática de la resistencia bacteriana, y demuestran que el peso estadístico y los diferentes análisis de los estudios disponibles en la actualidad tienen poca validez para dar una recomendación extendida al paciente asintomático. Se cuestiona que tal vez, estamos utilizando las estrategias inadecuadas para manejar una situación de salud pública, ya que estamos enfocados en impactar a cada individuo con terapias antibióticas complejas, en vez de a la población en general con políticas de salud pública

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is the most frequent chronic bacterial infection in humans, affecting 50% of the world population, and at least 80% of the Colombian population. This bacteria has been recognized for more than 15 years as a type I carcinogen. According to the indications of the "Maastricht V" consensus, this infection should be sought and treated in patients with: active peptic ulcer, MALT lymphoma (for its acronym Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue), early gastric cancer, purpura who present with chronic dyspeptic symptoms and chronic users of NSAIDs. Due to the role it plays in the pathophysiology of gastric cancer, the initiative was born to carry out an active search for H. pylori and eradicate it in all people, including those asymptomatic in countries with a high incidence of this neoplasia.There are various publications around the world that suggest the effectiveness of this treatment and the positive impact on the course and progression of the disease, especially in the earliest stages of the infection, since the more advanced stages have less encouraging results regarding progression to malignancy. However, other authors highlight the growing problem of bacterial resistance that we are currently facing and demonstrate that the sta-tistical weight and the different analyzes of the currently available studies have little validity to give an extended recommendation to the asymptomatic patient. It is suggested that perhaps inappropriate strategies to manage this public health situation are being used, since we are focused on impacting each individual with complex antibiotic therapies, instead of the general population with public health policies

Epidemiological characteristics and molecular biology of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To investigate the distribution, drug resistance and molecular biological characteristics of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) in our hospital, so as to provide reference for rational use of antibiotics and prevention and control of nosocomial CRKP infection. Methods Non-repetitive CRKP strains were collected from Jan. to Dec. 2019 in our hospital. VITEK 2 Compact automatic microbial analyzer and Kirby-Bauer test were used for bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility analysis. WHONET 5.6 software was used to analyze CRKP detection rate, sample source and clinical department distribution. Hypermucoviscosity phenotype strains were screened by string test. Carbapenemase resistance genes, capsular serotype and virulence genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results A total of 532 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were detected, including 140 (26.3%) CRKP strains. The CRKP strains were mainly isolated from sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (66 strains, 47.1%), followed by urine (21 strains, 15.0%). The clinical departments of the isolates were mainly cardiovascular surgery intensive care unit (ICU) (47 strains, 33.6%), burn ICU (18 strains, 12.9%) and emergency department (18 strains, 12.9%). The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the CRKP strains were susceptible only to tigecycline, with resistance rates being over 50% to other common antibiotics. The resistance rates to the first to fourth generation cephalosporin antibiotics were above 85%, and the resistance rates to carbapenems were up to 100.0%. We also found that out of the 121 CRKP strains, 101 (83.5%) carried Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase 2 (KPC-2) gene, seven (5.8%) with oxacillinase-48 (OXA-48) gene, and two (1.7%) with New Delhi metallo-β-lactmase 1 (NDM-1) gene; while one carried both KPC-2 and NDM-1 genes, and one carried both KPC-2 and OXA-48 genes; and nine carried no target drug-resistance genes. Fifteen (12.4%, 15/121) CRKP strains were positive for string test, with 13 being K64 capsular type and two being K47 capsular type; and 14 strains carried at least one virulence gene. Conclusion The clinical isolation rate of CRKP is high in our hospital, and the CRKP strains (mainly K64 capsular high virulence) are resistant to multiple antibiotics, suggesting that we should further strengthen the monitoring of drug resistance and rational use of antibiotics, so as to prevent the spread and prevalence of drug-resistant and highly virulent strains.

Vigilância da resistência a antibióticos contra o Helicobacter pylori na região do Biobío (Chile) em uma década / Antibiotic resistance surveillance of helicobacter pylori at the biobío region (chile) in a decade

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori infection in Chile remains as a public and private health-care system's challenge, with a prevalence of the infection over 70%. Nowadays, antibiotic treatment of the infection is mandatory to prevent the arising of severe associated diseases but failures in the eradication therapy mainly due to clarithromycin resistance has been observed worldwide and first line eradication therapy seems to be not effective anymore in several geographical areas. Thus, health-care systems are committed to maintain an epidemiological surveillance upon the evolution of the antibiotic resistance of this priority 2 pathogen. OBJECTIVE: This work reports a 10 years surveillance of the primary antibiotic resistance of H. pylori clinical isolates at the Biobío region-Chile, and the evolution of resistance toward amoxicillin, clarithromycin, levofloxacin, metronidazole, and tetracycline among the species. METHODS: H. pylori strains were investigated during the periods 2005-2007 (1435 patients analysed) and 2015-2017 (220 patients analysed) by inoculating a saline homogenate biopsy onto the surface of Columbia agar (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) - supplemented with 7% horse red blood cells plus DENT inhibitor (Oxoid, Basingstoke, UK) - following by incubation at 37ºC under 10% CO2 atmosphere for five days. Antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates was assessed using the disk diffusion test in Müeller-Hinton agar supplemented with 7% horse red blood cells followed by incubation for further three days under 10% CO2 atmosphere. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS v22 software and P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS: A total of 41% of 1435 patients were detected to be infected with H. pylori by bacteriological culture in 2005-2007 period, meanwhile 32.7% from 220 patients were also infected in 2015-2017 period. The clinical isolates of H. pylori are mostly susceptible to amoxicillin and tetracycline (both over 98% of strains), but less susceptible to levofloxacin in both periods analysed (over 79% of the strains). On the other hand, metronidazole continuous showing the highest score of resistant isolates (over 40% of resistant strains), although an 18% fewer resistant strains were observed in 2015-2017 period. Clarithromycin, the key antibiotic in eradication therapies, has an increased frequency of resistant strain isolated in the decade (22.5% in 2005-2007 and 29.2% in 2015-2017). Multidrug resistant strains (two, three and four antibiotics) were also detected in both periods with the highest scores for simultaneous resistance to clarithromycin-metronidazole (18%) and clarithromycin-metronidazole-levofloxacin (12.5%) resistant strains. According to gender, the isolates resistant to amoxicillin, clarithromycin and metronidazole were more frequent in female, with a specific increment in amoxicillin and clarithromycin resistance. CONCLUSION: The frequency of clarithromycin resistance (29.2%) detected in 2015-2017 suggests that conventional triple therapy is no longer effective in this region.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A infecção por Helicobacter pylori no Chile permanece como um desafio do sistema de saúde público e privado, com prevalência da infecção acima de 70%. Hoje em dia, o tratamento antibiótico da infecção é obrigatório para prevenir o surgimento de graves doenças associadas, mas falhas na terapia de erradicação, principalmente devido à resistência à claritromicina, têm sido observadas em todo o mundo, e a terapia de erradicação de primeira linha parece não ser mais eficaz em várias áreas geográficas. Assim, os sistemas de saúde estão comprometidos em manter uma vigilância epidemiológica sobre a evolução da resistência aos antibióticos deste patógeno prioritário tipo 2. OBJETIVO: Este trabalho relata uma vigilância de 10 anos da resistência antibiótica primária de isolados clínicos de H. pylori na região do Biobío-Chile, e a evolução da resistência em relação à amoxicilina, claritromicina, levofloxacina, metronidazol e tetraciclina entre as espécies. MÉTODOS: As cepas de H. pylori foram investigadas durante os períodos 2005-2007 (1435 pacientes analisados) e 2015-2017 (220 pacientes analisados) inoculando uma biópsia de homogeneizado fisiológico na superfície do agar Columbia (Oxoid, Basingstoke, Reino Unido) - suplementado com 7% de glóbulos vermelhos do cavalo mais o inibidor de DENTE (Oxoid, Basingstoke, Reino Unido) - seguindo pela incubação em 37ºC a atmosfera de 10% de CO2 por cinco dias. O padrão de resistência aos antibióticos dos isolados foi avaliado utilizando-se o teste de difusão em disco em agar Müeller-Hinton suplementado com 7% de glóbulos vermelhos de cavalo seguidos de incubação por mais três dias a atmosfera de 10% de CO2. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando-se o software SPSS V22 e os valores de P<0,5 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. RESULTADOS: Um total de 41% dos 1435 pacientes foram detectados como contaminados por H. pylori pela cultura bacteriológica no período 2005-2007, ao mesmo tempo 32,7% de 220 pacientes foram contaminados igualmente no período 2015-2017. Os isolados clínicos de H. pylori são principalmente suscetíveis à amoxicilina e tetraciclina (tanto mais de 98% das cepas), mas menos suscetíveis à levofloxacina em ambos os períodos analisados (mais de 79% das cepas). Por outro lado, o metronidazol permaneceu mostrando a maior pontuação de resistentes isolados (mais de 40% de cepas resistentes), embora tenham sido observados 18% menos cepas resistentes no período de 2015-2017. A claritromicina, o antibiótico-chave em terapias de erradicação, tem uma frequência aumentada de cepa resistente isolada na década (22,5% em 2005-2007 e 29,2% em 2015-2017). Cepas multirresistentes (dois, três e quatro antibióticos) também foram detectadas em ambos os períodos com os maiores escores de resistência simultânea à claritromicina-metronidazol (18%) e claritromicina-metronidazol-levofloxacina (12,5%) cepas resistentes. De acordo com o sexo, os isolados resistentes à amoxicilina, claritromicina e metronidazol foram mais frequentes no sexo feminino, com incremento específico em amoxicilina e resistência à claritromicina. CONCLUSÃO: A frequência de resistência à claritromicina (29,2%) detectada em 2015-2017 sugere que a terapia tripla convencional não é mais efetiva nesta região.

Marcadores de resistencia plasmídica a quinolonas qnr en aislamientos clínicos de enterobacterias productoras de betalactamasas CTX-M en Lima, Perú / Markers of plasmid resistance to qnr quinolones in clinical isolates of CTX-M beta-lactamases-producing enterobacteria in Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de reportar marcadores de resistencia plasmídica a quinolonas qnr en aislamientos clínicos de enterobacterias productoras de betalactamasas CTX-M, se realizó un estudio descriptivo, con aislamientos del cepario del proyecto TO-06/09 del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño. Se recuperaron 138 aislamientos. La susceptibilidad antimicrobiana se determinó por el método de disco difusión y la identificación de genes por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa. De los 138 aislados, 67 (48,5%) fueron positivos para proteínas qnr por el método genotípico. De los cuales 38 (56,7%) presentaron determinantes qnrB y 48 (71,6%) determinantes qnrS. Ningún aislado presentó determinantes qnrA. Se detectó determinantes qnr en aislamientos que presentaban betalactamasas CTX-M en una población no expuesta.

ABSTRACT Aimed at reporting markers of plasmid resistance to qnr quinolones in clinical isolates of CTX-M beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteria, a descriptive study was conducted with isolates from the strain repository of TO-06/09 project of the National Children´s Health Institute. 138 isolates were recovered. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the diffusion disk method, and gene identification by polymerase chain reaction. Of the 138 isolates, 67 (48.5%) were genotypically positive for qnr proteins; of these, 38 (56.7%) had qnrB determinants and 48 (71.6%) had qnrS determinants. No isolate presented qnrA determinants. qnr determinants were detected in isolates containing CTX-M beta-lactamases in a non-exposed population.

Resistencia antimicrobiana de uropatógenos en adultos mayores de una clínica privada de Lima, Perú / Antimicrobial resistance of uropathogens in older adults in a private clinic in Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Se describen los principales mecanismos de resistencia antimicrobiana mediante el sistema Vitek® 2 en uropatógenos aislados en adultos mayores de una clínica privada en Lima. Estudio descriptivo realizado entre enero de 2014 y octubre de 2016. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae y Proteus mirabilis obtuvieron una sensibilidad mayor a 80% frente a piperacilina/tazobactam, amikacina y carbapenems. Asimismo, 83,6% de Escherichia coli fueron cepas sensibles a nitrofurantoina. El 41,7% de Escherichia coli, 50,9% de Klebsiella pneumoniae y 50% de Proteus mirabilis fueron productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido. De igual modo, 60% de Pseudomonas aeruginosa fueron productoras de carbapenemasas. La modificación de sitio activo (PBP) y la inactivación enzimática por penicilinasas se presentaron en el 7,8% de Enterococcus faecalis. La resistencia a aminoglicósidos se presentó en Escherichia coli (27,1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (46,7%) y Proteus mirabilis (84,6%) por la producción de enzimas modificadoras. Existe un incremento de la resistencia bacteriana en relación a la edad. La inactivación enzimática de betalactámicos y aminoglicósidos es el mecanismo de resistencia más frecuente.

ABSTRACT The main mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance are described using the Vitek® 2 system in uropathogens isolated in older adults from a private clinic in Lima. Descriptive study conducted between January 2014 and October 2016. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis obtained a sensitivity greater than 80% against piperacillin/ tazobactam, amikacin, and carbapenems. Moreover, 83.6% of Escherichia coli were nitrofurantoin-sensitive strains. A 41.7% of Escherichia coli, 50.9% of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 50% of Proteus mirabilis were producers of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL). Similarly, 60% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were producers of carbapenemases. Active site modification (PBP) and enzymatic inactivation by penicillinases occurred in 7.8% of Enterococcus faecalis. Resistance to aminoglycosides was presented in Escherichia coli (27.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (46.7%), and Proteus mirabilis (84.6%) for the production of modifier enzymes. There is an increase in bacterial resistance in relation to age. Enzymatic inactivation of beta-lactam antibiotics and aminoglycosides is the most common resistance mechanism.

O enfermeiro nos programas de gerenciamento do uso de antimicrobianos: revisão integrativa / El enfermero en los programas de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos: revisión integrativa / Participation of nurses in antimicrobial stewardship programs: an integrative review

RESUMO Objetivo: investigar na literatura publicações acerca da participação do enfermeiro nos programas de gestão do uso de antimicrobianos. Método: revisão integrativa com busca nas bases de dados: Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System on Line, Literatura Latino-Americana de Ciências da Saúde e Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Como critérios de inclusão, foram selecionados artigos disponíveis na íntegra, publicados entre janeiro de 2007 e maio de 2018, nos idiomas português, inglês ou espanhol. Resultados: foram encontrados 140 artigos, 12 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, e foram organizados em três categorias: "competências do enfermeiro nos programas de gestão do uso de antimicrobianos" (cinco artigos), "déficit de conhecimento e necessidade de capacitação" (seis artigos) e "ação sistêmica" (um artigo). Conclusão: os enfermeiros podem contribuir de forma substancial com os Programas de Gerenciamento do uso de Antimicrobianos, porém são necessárias ações educacionais, pesquisas e políticas públicas para que a sua participação seja efetiva.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Investigar publicaciones sobre la participación del enfermero en programas de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos. Método: Revisión integrativa con búsqueda en bases Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System on Line, Literatura Latinoamericana en Ciencias de la Salud y Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. Para inclusión, fueron seleccionados artículos disponibles integralmente, publicados entre enero de 2007 y mayo de 2018, publicados en portugués, inglés o español. Resultados: Se encontraron 140 artículos, 12 atendían los criterios de inclusión. Fueron organizados en tres categorías: "competencias del enfermero en los programas de optimización del uso de antimicrobianos" (cinco artículos), "déficit de conocimiento y necesidad de capacitación" (seis artículos), y "acción sistémica" (un artículo). Conclusión: Los enfermeros pueden contribuir sustancialmente con los Programas de Optimización del Uso de Antimicrobianos, resultando necesarias acciones educativas, investigaciones y políticas públicas para que su participación resulte efectiva.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate publications in the literature on the participation of nurses in antimicrobial stewardship programs. Method: Integrative review with search in the following databases: the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, the Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information, and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. As inclusion criteria, full articles in Portuguese, English, or Spanish published between January 2007 and May 2018 were selected. Results: Of the 140 articles found, 12 met the inclusion criteria, and were organized into the following three categories: "nurses' competencies in antimicrobials stewardship programs" (five articles), "lack of knowledge and need for training" (six articles), and "systemic action" (one article). Conclusion: Nurses may contribute significantly to antimicrobial stewardship programs; however, educational actions, studies, and public policies are necessary for their effective participation.

Ten-year narrative review on antimicrobial resistance in Singapore

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) results in drug-resistant infections that are harder to treat, subsequently leading to increased morbidity and mortality. In 2008, we reviewed the problem of AMR in Singapore, limiting our discussion to the human healthcare sector. Ten years later, we revisit this issue again, reviewing current efforts to contain it in order to understand the progress made as well as current and emerging challenges. Although a significant amount of work has been done to control AMR and improve antibiotic prescribing in Singapore, most of it has focused on the hospital setting, with mixed impact. The role of antibiotic use and AMR in food animals and the environment - and the link to human health - is better understood today. This issue of AMR encompasses both human health as well as animal/food safety, and efforts to control it will need to continually evolve to maintain or improve on current gains.

Distribution and drug resistance of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates / 第二军医大学学报

[Abstract] Objective To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) isolates, so as to provide guidance for reasonable use of antibiotics. Methods Clinical CRKP isolates were collected in Changhai Hospital of Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University) from Jan. 2014 to Dec. 2017, and the antimicrobial susceptibility test was carried out using automated instrument method and Kirby-Bauer method. The results were interpreted according to the standards of America Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) or America Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the data were analyzed by WHONET 5.6 software and SPSS 20.0 software. Results A total of 403 clinical CRKP isolates were collected, and 169 (41.9%) strains of CRKP were isolated from the specimens obtained from sputum/bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. The first isolation of CRKP was from different specimens, and there was a significant difference in the incidence of CRKP blood flow infection (P0.05). The top 3 departments in terms of isolation rates were Burn Intensive Care Unit (30.0%, 121/403), Digestive Department (8.4%, 34/403) and Emergence Intensive Care Unit (7.2%, 29/403). The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the drug resistance rate of the CRKP strains was more than 60.0% to all antibiotics, but tigecycline and fosfomycin. Conclusion The CRKP isolates are resistant to most commonly used antibiotics. It is necessary to strengthen the surveillance of drug resistance of CRKP isolates and take effective measures to control the spread of CRKP, especially in departments such as Burn Intensive Care Unit.